Melatonin Affects On Sleep And Weight

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

Research has shown that there is a strong correlation between the amount of sleep a person gets at night and the ability to lose or maintain weight. This may be caused by external factors such as stress and family commitments. It may also be caused by internal factors such as decreasing melatonin levels.

Introduction Of Melatonin
Melatonin(C13H16N2O2), also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a natural hormone that is made by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is approximately the size of a pea and is located in the center of the brain. It helps regulate sleep cycles on a 24-hour basis, telling us when we are tired and need to go to sleep. Its levels rise in the evening to make us feel sleepy. They remain high throughout the night to help us remain asleep. As morning approaches, the levels decrease, which allows us to wake up.

Relationship Between Sleep
Melatonin is stimulated by darkness but is suppressed by light. This is why we tend to want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. This natural hormone controls the circadian rhythm in the body, making us feel tired and letting us know when it is time for sleep.

When levels begin to drop, symptoms of sleeplessness or even insomnia can occur. Those suffering from a deficiency in melatonin may notice that it is harder to fall asleep or to stay asleep during the night. As we age, the levels will naturally decrease, making sleep irregularities more common. It is possible for some older people to produce little or no hormone at all.

Relationship Between Weight
Studies at the Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis show a correlation between low melatonin levels and weight gain, especially around the stomach area. When its levels are low, the ability to get a good night’s sleep diminishes. A lack of sleep not only causes us to feel tired and frustrated, it also increases the secretion of certain hormones such as leptin, cortisol and ghrelin. Increased levels of these specific hormones cause the body to gain weight and make the ability to lose weight much more difficult.

Supplements For Melatonin
It is possible to increase low melatonin levels and restore them to normal levels. The levels are affected by light. Being out in the sunlight can naturally increase them. Some foods, such as oatmeal, cottage cheese, tuna and soy nuts, are also known to increase. The natural hormone can also be found in the form of a dietary supplement. The dosage needed varies by person, and the use of these supplements should be discussed with a physician before using.

Uriah Sweety is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals! Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people.

How To Stabilize The Acid Level Of Swimming Pool?

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

The maintenance of swimming pool can be a headache. No matter how hard you work to maintain optimum PH and chlorine levels, you may still face the irritating, and often mystifying, sight of cloudy or murky pool water. Pool owners who use stabilized chlorine must be aware that this product will raise cyanuric acid levels in the pool, to a point that the acid is no longer effective.

Effects Of UV
UV from the sun destroy chlorine in the swimming pool water and this process is exaggerated during the long and warm days of summer. The use of cyanuric acid(also called as 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol) prevents chlorine from being destroyed by sunlight by forming a weak bond with any free chlorine in the water. It also reduces the amount of chlorine that is required to rid the pool of algae build up.

Too Much Stabilizer
Sunlight has an adverse effect on water quality, dispelling chlorine and reducing pool sanitation. Cyanuric acid reduces the detrimental impact of ultraviolet light by forming a temporary bond with the free chlorine, the chlorine that is available to sanitize and oxidize the pool. Too much amount will locks the free chlorine, reducing its effectiveness and increasing the time it takes to kill harmful bacteria. Experts recommend maintaining the levels of 30 to 50 ppm.

Suitable Amount
Your stabilizer should ideally be maintained below 100 parts per million (ppm). Keep it within the 40 to 80 parts per million range, as excessive stabilizer causes cloudy water and interferes with the action of the chlorine. In colder climates, a range of 20 to 40 ppm stabilizer is adequate. Levels from 80 to 150 ppm are excessive, but will yet begin to cause problems. The levels of cyanuric acid are lowered by draining the original water and replacing it with new water.

Testing
It is important to know the level in the swimming pool. Pool companies will test this level for you, but you can also perform this test yourself, using a cost-effective dip-and-read test kit for cyanuric acid(CAS:108-80-5). Once the stabilizer level approaches 100 parts per million, the chlorine becomes progressively less effective. The swimming pool will become more susceptible to algae and will become cloudy. At this point, the water enters a state called “chlorine lock” and the swimming pool becomes cloudy and experiences recurring yellow-algae problems.

Warnnings
Before buying chlorine products, check to see if they contain cyanuric acid and, unless you need to top up your stabilizer, select non-stabilized chlorine. Some suppliers market this stabilizer as “pool conditioner” — do not add this to the pool if the level is within range.

How To Kill Whitefly?

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

Whiteflies are small, whitish-yellow insects that swarm around infected plants when disturbed. Several different species damage plants, and gardeners need to know which is the best whitefly pesticide. They eproduce rapidly and can become a problem if not treated. Generally, botanists advise against strong chemical pesticides or insecticides and recommend different methods of biological control such as using whitefly predators, hosing down the infected plants, or using an agricultural soap or insecticide oil.

The Whitefly
Although there are several species of whiteflies, the most common is the greenhouse whitefly, or Trialeurodes vaporariorum. In all of the species, the tiny larva, not the adult fly, damages plants. First, the larva sucks the juices from the plant, and a large infestation of larvae can kill a plant. Another way that the larva injures a plant is through the honeydew that it secretes while feeding. This sticky, sweet substance attracts other harmful insects and often grows a harmful fungus that infects the plant.

Kill Whitefly
Botanists prefer not to use a whitefly pesticide, but to use one of the non-chemical methods. One of these methods is to introduce whitefly predators, such as lacewings, parasitic wasps, and ladybugs. Even the Asian multicolored lady beetle, or Harmonia axyridis, attacks whiteflies. Some of the effective wasp parasites are the Encarsia formosa, Encarsia luteola, and Eretmocerus californicus, although not one species is effective against all species of whiteflies. Consult an agriculturalist or botanist to identify the species of the invading whitefly and to recommend the right species of parasitic wasp.

Pesticides
Pesticides can be effective against whiteflies. Found at gardening and farm supply stores, most sprays contain pyrethrum, a botanical poison that paralyzes on contact that usually use 2-Aminotrifluoromethylbenzene(C7H6F3N, CAS number 88-17-5) as an intermediate. Other options include mycopesticides or mycopathogens, which consist of microscopic fungi that feed on insects. This type of spray is safe for humans. Imidacloprid, a synthetic insecticide, is extremely effective against whiteflies and needs only to be sprayed once a week.

Natural Alternatives
Another natural way to control the insects without using a whitefly pesticide is by vacuuming the plants. Generally, a gardener uses a small, handheld vacuum cleaner that is battery operated. If a person vacuums the plants in the early morning when the temperatures are lower, he or she usually has better results. The flies are less active at that time of the day.

A Fresh Look At Titanium Dioxide

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

Titanium dioxide, sometimes also referred as titanium (IV) oxide or titaniai, is a naturally occurring oxide of the element titanium. This substance also occurs naturally as three mineral compounds known as anatase, brookite, and rutile. However, it is most commonly extracted from titanium tetrachloride by carbon reduction and re-oxidization. This fine, white powder is so common that it can be purchased on eBay for home concoctions of soap, lip color or ceramic glazes.

Properties
These minerals resemble gems, and are so highly light refractive that small quantities found inside other gemstones add value to the stones. The “star” in star sapphires, for instance, are needle-like flaws of rutile. But rutile or anatase crystals, cut and worn as jewelry, would not withstand the wear and tear given the minerals’ softness (6 on the MOHs scale). Instead, this highly refractive property of rutile has found industrial and commercial uses as protective sunscreens, coatings on eye glasses and photovoltaic solar cells.

Method Of Producing
Pigment from titanium dioxide generates up to 95 percent of the world’s demand for it. The chemical produced from the titanium found in ilmenite must be leached using sulfuric acid, an expensive and environmentally unfriendly product. The largest producers, therefore, use a chloride process effective for removing pigment from the more available rutile and anatase minerals.

First, the dry ore is fed into a chlorinator together with petroleum coke and chlorine to make titanium chloride. Next, burning the titanium chloride with oxygen and a combustible gas, oxidizes it. Then, seeding this mixture with crystals forms solids that are filtered from the gas and milled as powder. Treatment of the final product is important for brightness, opacity and reflective qualities.

Common Uses
As a pigment, titanium oxide(CAS number 1317-80-2) is used to enhance the white color of certain foods, such as dairy products and candy. It also lends brightness to toothpaste and some medications. However, it is also used as a food additive and flavor enhancer in a variety of non-white foods, including dried vegetables, nuts, seeds, soups, and mustard, as well as beer and wine.

Since titanium dioxide reflects light so well, it is ideal for use as a protective coating for many products, such as automobile parts and optical mirrors. It is also incorporated into paint. In fact, due to its refractive ability, it is a component of paints used to coat cars, boats, and airplanes. In addition, the oxide is found in a number of construction and building materials. The plastic industry also makes use of titanium dioxide as a coating to absorb UV light and render increased durability.

Profile of Ethyl Acetoacetate

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

Ethyl acetoacetate (EAA, C6H10O3), also called acetoacetic ester, an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. The pure ester is a colourless, fragrant liquid that boils with slight decomposition at 180.4 °C. Industrially it is employed in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and dyes. The ester is produced chiefly by self-condensation of ethyl acetate, brought about by sodium metal. It readily forms sodium derivatives that can be alkylated and dialkylated.

EAA offers a pleasant, fruity aroma. This makes it a popular synthetic for use in flavoring and fragrance applications, whether as is or modified chemically, as in the case of fructone. In addition, food manufacturers use the substance in resinous and polymeric coatings. Such coatings can be used on equipment or surfaces food contacts, or it can be used to a limited degree in the foods themselves.

In other products, EAA can be added as a solvent, a stabilizer or a catalyst. When more extensively modified, acetoacetic acid derivatives find application in dyes, pigments and agrochemicals. Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is used in co-polymerization to reduce viscosity in adhesives. The compound can be used in non-food-related surface coatings or textiles as an accelerant in the cure process. Termed a promoter or co-promoter, approximately 1-3 percent EAA is added by weight to the unsaturated polyester resin.

Several researchs have continued to reveal new substances and applications for ethyl acetoacetate. The molecule actually exists in two forms, one an “enol” form, the other a “keto” form — the form usually drawn to identify the molecule. These two forms can interchange. This property is called keto-enol tautomerism. In its enol form, EAA can act like a bi-dentate ligand, meaning that each molecule can act much like a pair of crab claws ready to attack an atom, generally of a transition metal.

Although a variety of alkoxy groups can be used in principle, the acetoacetic ester is often simply ethyl acetoacetate(CAS:141-97-9) because ethanol is a cheap and commonly available solvent. Industrially, it is prepared by treating diketene with ethanol. In the lab, however, the chemical also can be prepared through the Claisen condensation of ethyl acetate. Two equivalents of ethyl acetate, a cheap and common solvent, are combined in the presence of sodium ethoxide to form one equivalent of the desired product and another equivalent of ethanol. The base and solvent must share the same ethoxy group as the ester to avoid transterification side reactions.

Carbofuran — One Of The Most Toxic Pesticides

Posted on April 17, 2012 by uriahsweety

Carbofuran, a white crystelline solid at room temperature after a phenolic odor, is a broad spectrum carbamate pesticide that kills insects, mites and nematodes on contact or after ingestion. The technical or chemical name is 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate and its CAS number is 1563-66-2.

Carbofuran was regulated began in 1974 when Congress passed the Safe Drinking Act which required the Environmental Protection Agency to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking water called “Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)” (EPA). The MCLG level for this chemical was initially set at 40 ppb. It is still at this level because many feel that it is the lowest possible level capable of removal from a water source.

In 1994, the EPA banned all use of the granule form of carbofuran because birds eat the granules, which are highly toxic to birds, and large scale bird kills were being observed. There is no ban on liquid pesiticide and both it and granular compound are classified as Restricted Use Pesticides and carbofuran formulations are rated anywhere from “moderately toxic” to “highly toxic”. Then, in August of 2006, the EPA proposed cancellation of all forms of it.

Carbofuran is used sparingly in the US but is banned in Canada and the European Union.. Is applied directly onto soil around plants after their emergence to control beetles, nematodes, and rootworm. It is used most often on alfalfa and rice and was once used on corn, though that use has been terminated.

The liquid is highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion and moderately toxic by dermal absorption. As with other carbamate compounds, carbofuran’s cholinesterase- inhibiting effect is short-term and reversible. Symptoms of poisoning include: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, weakness, imbalance, blurring of vision, breathing difficulty, increased blood pressure or ‘hypertension,’ and lack of control of urine or feces release, referred to as ‘incontinence.’ Death may result from respiratory system failure associated with exposure. Complete recovery from an acute poisoning by carbofuran, with no long term health effects, is possible if exposure ceases and the victim has time to reform their normal level of cholinesterase and to recover from symptoms.

Carbofuran has been illegally used to intentionally poison wildlife in the US, Canada and Great Britain; poisoned wildlife have included coyotes, kites, golden eagles and buzzards. Secondary fatal poisoning of domestic and wild animals has been documented, specifically, raptors (bald eagles and golden eagles), domestic dogs, raccoons, vultures and other scavengers. In Kenya, farmers are using the pesticide to kill lions and other predators.

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Posted on March 7, 2012 by uriahsweety

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